Main Article Content
Abstract
Emulgel is a pharmaceutical formulation that integrates the characteristics of both emulsions and gels, resulting in a semisolid product. The utilization of emulgel formulations has been shown to enhance the efficacy of drug delivery by facilitating deeper skin penetration and subsequently augmenting its pharmacological activity. The antioxidant and sunscreen properties of cinnamon bark extract make it suitable for incorporation into an emulgel formulation. Variations in the concentration of extracts and gelling agents can have an impact on the physical properties, stability, and pharmacological efficacy of the emulgel. The objective of this review is to ascertain the optimal concentrations of extracts and gelling agents in emulgel formulations for enhanced efficacy. The employed methodology entails conducting a comprehensive review of scholarly articles pertaining to emulgel formulations containing cinnamon bark extract. These formulations encompass a range of concentrations of both the extract itself and gelling agents, while also possessing antioxidant and sunscreen properties. The formulation that is recommended is one that satisfies the criteria pertaining to its physical attributes, stability, and pharmacological efficacy. The emulgel formulation that best meets the specified criteria consists of a 1% concentration of cinnamon bark extract in combination with the gelling agent Viscolam MAC 5%.
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Article Details
References
- Adamson, A. S., & Shinkai, K., 2019, Systemic Absorption of Sunscreen: Balancing Benefits With Unknown Harms, JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 321(21), 2077–2079. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.5528
- Aisyah, A. N., Zulham, & Yusuf, N. A., 2017, Formulation of Emulgel Ethanol Extract of Mullberry (Morus alba L.) with Various Concentration of Span 80 ® and Tween 80 ®, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Sciences, 2(2), 77–80.
- Ali Khan, B., Ullah, S., Khan, M. K., Alshahrani, S. M., & Braga, V. A., 2020, Formulation and evaluation of Ocimum basilicum-based emulgel for wound healing using animal model, Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 28(12), 1842–1850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.11.011
- Anggraini, R. D. D., Purwati, E., & Safitri, C. I. N. H., 2021, Formulasi dan Stabilitas Mutu Fisik Ekstrak Kayu Manis ( Cinnamomum burmannii ) Sebagai Bedak Padat Antioksida Flavonoid dari Kayu Manis ( Cinnamomum burmanii )., Artikel Pemakalah Utama, 6(1), 603–610.
- Begum, S. G., Chetty, C. M., Pavithra, B., Akhila, B., Gayathri, C., Ruksar, S., Sravani, T., & Voleti, V. K., 2019, a Review on Emulgels-a Novel Approach for Topical Drug Delivery, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 7(2), 70–77. https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v7i2.477
- Cahyani, N. E., Widiastuti, R., & Ismiyati, 2020, Formulasi Dan Uji Stabilitas Fisik Emulgel Tabir Surya Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Jeruk Nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) Menggunakan Variasi Nilai Hlb Emulgator, Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Setya Medika, 5(1), 42–54. https://doi.org/10.56727/bsm.v5i.77
- Charyulu, N. R., Joshi, P., Dubey, A., & Shetty, A., 2021, Emulgel: A Boon for Enhanced Topical Drug Delivery, Journal of Young Pharmacists, 13(1), 76–79. https://doi.org/10.5530/jyp.2021.13.17
- Fatmawati, D., Dermayati, C. Z., Hamid, I. S., & Hendriati, L., 2016, Efektivitas Enhancer Natrium Lauril Sulfat Dalam Patch Topikal Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Kencur (Kaemferia Galanga L.) Terhadap Jumlah Neutrofil dan Makrofag Pada Mencit, Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia, 8(2), 157–166.
- Goji, E., Lycium, B., & Chandra, D., 2022, Uji Fisikokiimia Sediaan Emulsi , Gel , Emulgel Ekstrak, Jurnal Farmasi Dan Kesehatan, 11(2), 219–228.
- Haneefa, K. P. M., Easo, S., Hafsa, P. V., Guru, P. M., & Nayar, C., 2013, Emulgel: An advanced review, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 5(12), 254–258.
- Kharisma, I. N. Della, & Safitri, C. I. N. H., 2017, Formulasi Dan Uji Mutu Fisik Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Bekatul (Oryza sativa L .), Artikel Pemakalah Paralel, 228–235.
- Kumar, D., Singh, J., Antil, M., & Kumar, V., 2016, Emulgel-Novel Topical Drug Delivery System – A Comprehensive Review, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 7(12), 4733–4742. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.7(12).4733-42
- Lin, Q., Xu Xu, R. H. J., Yang, N., Karim, A. A., Loh, X. J., & Zhang, K., 2019, UV Protection and Antioxidant Activity of Nanodiamonds and Fullerenes for Sunscreen Formulations, ACS Applied Nano Materials, 2(12), 7604–7616. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.9b01698
- Paramawidhita, R. Y., Chasanah, U., & Ermawati, D., 2016, Formulasi Dan Evaluasi Fisik Sediaan Emulgel Tabir Surya Ekstrak Kulit Batang Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum burmannii), Jurnal Surya Medika, 5(1), 90–99.
- Pizzino, G., Irrera, N., Cucinotta, M., Pallio, G., Mannino, F., Arcoraci, V., Squadrito, F., Altavilla, D., & Bitto, A., 2017, Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits for Human Health, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2017, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8416763
- Priani, S. E., Darusman, F., & Humanisya, H., 2014, Formulasi Sediaan Emulgel Antioksidan Mengandung Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Batang Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum burmanni Nees Ex. Bl.), Prosiding Seminar Nasional Penelitian Dan PKM Sains, Teknologi Dan Kesehatan, 4(1), 103–110.
- Priani, S. E., Humanisya, H., & Darusman, F., 2014, Development of Sunscreen Emulgel Containing Cinnamomum Burmannii Stem Bark Extract, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 3(12), 2319–7064. www.ijsr.net
- Priani, S. E., Permana, R. A., Nurseha, M., & Aryani, R., 2021, Pengembangan Sediaan Emulgel Antioksidan dan Tabir Surya Mengandung Ekstrak Kulit Buah Cokelat (Theobroma cacao L), Jurnal Farmasi Dan Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 8(3), 264–270. https://doi.org/10.20473/jfiki.v8i32021.264-270
- Purwanti, R. A., Farida, Y., & Taurhesia, S., 2022, Formulasi Sediaan Serum Anti Aging dengan Kombinasi dari Ekstrak Buah Tomat (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) dan Ekstrak Kulit Buah Semangka (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.), Jurnal Fitofarmaka Indonesia, 9(2), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.33096/jffi.v9i2.864
- Ratnapuri, P. H., Haitami, F., & Fitriana, M., 2019, Stabilitas Fisik Sediaan Emulgel Ekstrak Etanol Daging Buah Limpasu (Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Müll. Arg.), Jurnal Pharmascience, 6(2), 8–18. https://doi.org/10.20527/jps.v6i2.7345
- Rowe, R. C., Sheskey, P. J. S., & Quinn, M. E., 2009, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (6th Editio), Pharmaceutical Press.
- Rusli, N., Setiawan, M. A., & Hikmawati, N., 2022, the Effect of Hpmc As a Gel Base and Tween 80 Span 80 Combinations As Emulgators in Acetosal Transdermal Emulgel Preparations, Jurnal Farmasi Sains Dan Praktis, 7(3), 249–259. https://doi.org/10.31603/pharmacy.v7i3.6093
- Sari, D. K., Sugihartini, N., & Yuwono, T., 2015, Evaluasi Uji Iritasi Dan Uji Sifat Fisik Sediaan Emulgel Minyak Atsiri Bunga Cengkeh (Syzigium Aromaticum), Pharmaciana, 5(2), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.12928/pharmaciana.v5i2.2493
- Shokri, J., Azarmi, S., Fasihi, Z., Hallaj-Nezhadi, S., Nokhodchi, A., & Javadzadeh, Y., 2012, Effects of various penetration enhancers on percutaneous absorption of piroxicam from emulgels, Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(4), 225–234.
- Sreevidya, V. S., 2019, An Overview on Emulgel, International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research, 9(1), 92–97. https://doi.org/10.15761/god.1000122
- Srivastava, A., Desai, S., Jain, H., & Meshram, D. B., 2020, Formulation and Evaluation of Fusidic Acid Emulgel, Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 10(3-s), 169–175. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i3-s.4119
- Supriadi, D., Rahmawati, E., & Fatmawati, F., 2022, Study Effectiveness and Stability Formulation Nanoemulsion of Black Cumin Seed (Nigella sativa L.) Essential Oil: A Review, IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy And Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN, 17(1), 32–41. https://doi.org/10.9790/3008-1701013241
- Utami, E., Priani, S. E., & Dewi, M. L., 2020, Formulasi Sediaan Emulgel Mengandung Minyak Biji Bunga Matahari (Helianthus annuus L .) dan Gel Lidah Buaya (Aloe vera L .), Prosiding Farmasi, 6(2), 443–449.
- Utami, R. R., Armunanto, R., Rahardjo, S., & Supriyanto, 2016, Effects of cocoa bean (Theobroma cacao L.) fermentation on phenolic content, antioxidant activity and functional group of cocoa bean shell, Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 15(10), 948–953. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2016.948.953
- Venchenkov, K. A., Priani, S. E., & Aryani, R., 2020, Formulasi Sediaan Emulgel Antioksidan dan Tabir Surya Ekstrak Kulit Batang Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum burmanni ( Nees & T . Nees ) dan Minyak Biji Anggur (Vitis vinifera L.), Prosiding Farmasi, 6(2), 983–991. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/.v6i2.24203
- Wibowo, D. N., Rahmawati, N. L., & Murrukmihadi, M., 2021, Formulasi Dan Evaluasi Fisik Sediaan Emulgel Minyak Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Dan Efektivitas Sediaan Sebagai Antifungi Candida albicans, Cendekia Eksakta, 6(2), 111–117. https://doi.org/10.31942/ce.v6i2.5529
- Widyastuti, W., Kusuma, A. E., Nurlaili, N., & Sukmawati, F., 2016, Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Tabir Surya Ekstrak Etanol Daun Stroberi (Fragaria x ananassa A.N. Duchesne), Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis, 3(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.29208/jsfk.2016.3.1.92
- Yassin, G., 2014, Formulation and Evaluation of Optimized Clotrimazole Emulgel Formulations, British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 4(9), 1014–1030. https://doi.org/10.9734/bjpr/2014/8495
References
Adamson, A. S., & Shinkai, K., 2019, Systemic Absorption of Sunscreen: Balancing Benefits With Unknown Harms, JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 321(21), 2077–2079. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.5528
Aisyah, A. N., Zulham, & Yusuf, N. A., 2017, Formulation of Emulgel Ethanol Extract of Mullberry (Morus alba L.) with Various Concentration of Span 80 ® and Tween 80 ®, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Sciences, 2(2), 77–80.
Ali Khan, B., Ullah, S., Khan, M. K., Alshahrani, S. M., & Braga, V. A., 2020, Formulation and evaluation of Ocimum basilicum-based emulgel for wound healing using animal model, Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 28(12), 1842–1850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.11.011
Anggraini, R. D. D., Purwati, E., & Safitri, C. I. N. H., 2021, Formulasi dan Stabilitas Mutu Fisik Ekstrak Kayu Manis ( Cinnamomum burmannii ) Sebagai Bedak Padat Antioksida Flavonoid dari Kayu Manis ( Cinnamomum burmanii )., Artikel Pemakalah Utama, 6(1), 603–610.
Begum, S. G., Chetty, C. M., Pavithra, B., Akhila, B., Gayathri, C., Ruksar, S., Sravani, T., & Voleti, V. K., 2019, a Review on Emulgels-a Novel Approach for Topical Drug Delivery, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 7(2), 70–77. https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v7i2.477
Cahyani, N. E., Widiastuti, R., & Ismiyati, 2020, Formulasi Dan Uji Stabilitas Fisik Emulgel Tabir Surya Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Jeruk Nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) Menggunakan Variasi Nilai Hlb Emulgator, Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Setya Medika, 5(1), 42–54. https://doi.org/10.56727/bsm.v5i.77
Charyulu, N. R., Joshi, P., Dubey, A., & Shetty, A., 2021, Emulgel: A Boon for Enhanced Topical Drug Delivery, Journal of Young Pharmacists, 13(1), 76–79. https://doi.org/10.5530/jyp.2021.13.17
Fatmawati, D., Dermayati, C. Z., Hamid, I. S., & Hendriati, L., 2016, Efektivitas Enhancer Natrium Lauril Sulfat Dalam Patch Topikal Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Kencur (Kaemferia Galanga L.) Terhadap Jumlah Neutrofil dan Makrofag Pada Mencit, Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia, 8(2), 157–166.
Goji, E., Lycium, B., & Chandra, D., 2022, Uji Fisikokiimia Sediaan Emulsi , Gel , Emulgel Ekstrak, Jurnal Farmasi Dan Kesehatan, 11(2), 219–228.
Haneefa, K. P. M., Easo, S., Hafsa, P. V., Guru, P. M., & Nayar, C., 2013, Emulgel: An advanced review, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 5(12), 254–258.
Kharisma, I. N. Della, & Safitri, C. I. N. H., 2017, Formulasi Dan Uji Mutu Fisik Sediaan Gel Ekstrak Bekatul (Oryza sativa L .), Artikel Pemakalah Paralel, 228–235.
Kumar, D., Singh, J., Antil, M., & Kumar, V., 2016, Emulgel-Novel Topical Drug Delivery System – A Comprehensive Review, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 7(12), 4733–4742. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.7(12).4733-42
Lin, Q., Xu Xu, R. H. J., Yang, N., Karim, A. A., Loh, X. J., & Zhang, K., 2019, UV Protection and Antioxidant Activity of Nanodiamonds and Fullerenes for Sunscreen Formulations, ACS Applied Nano Materials, 2(12), 7604–7616. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.9b01698
Paramawidhita, R. Y., Chasanah, U., & Ermawati, D., 2016, Formulasi Dan Evaluasi Fisik Sediaan Emulgel Tabir Surya Ekstrak Kulit Batang Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum burmannii), Jurnal Surya Medika, 5(1), 90–99.
Pizzino, G., Irrera, N., Cucinotta, M., Pallio, G., Mannino, F., Arcoraci, V., Squadrito, F., Altavilla, D., & Bitto, A., 2017, Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits for Human Health, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2017, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8416763
Priani, S. E., Darusman, F., & Humanisya, H., 2014, Formulasi Sediaan Emulgel Antioksidan Mengandung Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Batang Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum burmanni Nees Ex. Bl.), Prosiding Seminar Nasional Penelitian Dan PKM Sains, Teknologi Dan Kesehatan, 4(1), 103–110.
Priani, S. E., Humanisya, H., & Darusman, F., 2014, Development of Sunscreen Emulgel Containing Cinnamomum Burmannii Stem Bark Extract, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 3(12), 2319–7064. www.ijsr.net
Priani, S. E., Permana, R. A., Nurseha, M., & Aryani, R., 2021, Pengembangan Sediaan Emulgel Antioksidan dan Tabir Surya Mengandung Ekstrak Kulit Buah Cokelat (Theobroma cacao L), Jurnal Farmasi Dan Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 8(3), 264–270. https://doi.org/10.20473/jfiki.v8i32021.264-270
Purwanti, R. A., Farida, Y., & Taurhesia, S., 2022, Formulasi Sediaan Serum Anti Aging dengan Kombinasi dari Ekstrak Buah Tomat (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) dan Ekstrak Kulit Buah Semangka (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.), Jurnal Fitofarmaka Indonesia, 9(2), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.33096/jffi.v9i2.864
Ratnapuri, P. H., Haitami, F., & Fitriana, M., 2019, Stabilitas Fisik Sediaan Emulgel Ekstrak Etanol Daging Buah Limpasu (Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Müll. Arg.), Jurnal Pharmascience, 6(2), 8–18. https://doi.org/10.20527/jps.v6i2.7345
Rowe, R. C., Sheskey, P. J. S., & Quinn, M. E., 2009, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (6th Editio), Pharmaceutical Press.
Rusli, N., Setiawan, M. A., & Hikmawati, N., 2022, the Effect of Hpmc As a Gel Base and Tween 80 Span 80 Combinations As Emulgators in Acetosal Transdermal Emulgel Preparations, Jurnal Farmasi Sains Dan Praktis, 7(3), 249–259. https://doi.org/10.31603/pharmacy.v7i3.6093
Sari, D. K., Sugihartini, N., & Yuwono, T., 2015, Evaluasi Uji Iritasi Dan Uji Sifat Fisik Sediaan Emulgel Minyak Atsiri Bunga Cengkeh (Syzigium Aromaticum), Pharmaciana, 5(2), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.12928/pharmaciana.v5i2.2493
Shokri, J., Azarmi, S., Fasihi, Z., Hallaj-Nezhadi, S., Nokhodchi, A., & Javadzadeh, Y., 2012, Effects of various penetration enhancers on percutaneous absorption of piroxicam from emulgels, Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(4), 225–234.
Sreevidya, V. S., 2019, An Overview on Emulgel, International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research, 9(1), 92–97. https://doi.org/10.15761/god.1000122
Srivastava, A., Desai, S., Jain, H., & Meshram, D. B., 2020, Formulation and Evaluation of Fusidic Acid Emulgel, Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 10(3-s), 169–175. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i3-s.4119
Supriadi, D., Rahmawati, E., & Fatmawati, F., 2022, Study Effectiveness and Stability Formulation Nanoemulsion of Black Cumin Seed (Nigella sativa L.) Essential Oil: A Review, IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy And Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN, 17(1), 32–41. https://doi.org/10.9790/3008-1701013241
Utami, E., Priani, S. E., & Dewi, M. L., 2020, Formulasi Sediaan Emulgel Mengandung Minyak Biji Bunga Matahari (Helianthus annuus L .) dan Gel Lidah Buaya (Aloe vera L .), Prosiding Farmasi, 6(2), 443–449.
Utami, R. R., Armunanto, R., Rahardjo, S., & Supriyanto, 2016, Effects of cocoa bean (Theobroma cacao L.) fermentation on phenolic content, antioxidant activity and functional group of cocoa bean shell, Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 15(10), 948–953. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2016.948.953
Venchenkov, K. A., Priani, S. E., & Aryani, R., 2020, Formulasi Sediaan Emulgel Antioksidan dan Tabir Surya Ekstrak Kulit Batang Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum burmanni ( Nees & T . Nees ) dan Minyak Biji Anggur (Vitis vinifera L.), Prosiding Farmasi, 6(2), 983–991. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/.v6i2.24203
Wibowo, D. N., Rahmawati, N. L., & Murrukmihadi, M., 2021, Formulasi Dan Evaluasi Fisik Sediaan Emulgel Minyak Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Dan Efektivitas Sediaan Sebagai Antifungi Candida albicans, Cendekia Eksakta, 6(2), 111–117. https://doi.org/10.31942/ce.v6i2.5529
Widyastuti, W., Kusuma, A. E., Nurlaili, N., & Sukmawati, F., 2016, Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Tabir Surya Ekstrak Etanol Daun Stroberi (Fragaria x ananassa A.N. Duchesne), Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis, 3(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.29208/jsfk.2016.3.1.92
Yassin, G., 2014, Formulation and Evaluation of Optimized Clotrimazole Emulgel Formulations, British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 4(9), 1014–1030. https://doi.org/10.9734/bjpr/2014/8495