Pemberdayaan Perempuan Jepang di Bidang Politik dalam Kerangka Kebijakan Womenomics Tahun 2013 - 2020
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31942/khi.2024.3.1.10762Keywords:
Womenomics, Pemberdayaan Perempuan, Politik, Sosial EkonomiAbstract
Kebijakan Womenomics merupakan suatu strategi kebijakan yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kontribusi ekonomi perempuan dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi Jepang. Meskipun perempuan Jepang memiliki tingkat pendidikan yang tinggi, partisipasi politik dan ekonomi mereka masih rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami pemberdayaan perempuan dalam kerangka kebijakan Womenomics pada tahun 2013-2020. Berdasarkan tinjauan literatur, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pemberdayaan perempuan dalam konteks Womenomics terjadi melalui dimensi politik dan sosial ekonomi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif-kualitatif dengan memanfaatkan studi kepustakaan menggunakan sumber data sekunder dari berbagai literatur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberdayaan perempuan di Jepang dalam aspek politik terwujud melalui Act on Promotion of Gender Equality in the Political Field, sedangkan dalam aspek sosial ekonomi dilakukan melalui Act on Promotion of Women’s Participation and Advancement in the Workplace memberikan dampak positif yang signifikan terhadap peningkatan partisipasi perempuan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi Jepang.
References
Matsui, Kathy. 2005. “Womenomics : Japan’s Hidden Asset : Japan Portfolio Strategyâ€. Goldman Sachs. https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/investing-in-women/bios-pdfs/womenomics-pdf.pdf. Diunduh tanggal 27 November 2023.
Matsui, Kathy. 2010. “ Japan: Portfolio Strategy Womenomics 3:0 The Time is Now â€. Goldman Sachs. https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/investing-in-women /bios-pdfs/. Diunduh tanggal 27 November 2023.
Matsui, Kathy. 2014. “ Japan: Portfolio Strategy Womenomics 4:0 Time to Walk the Talkâ€. Goldman Sachs. https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/pages/macroeconomic-insights-folder/womenomics4-folder/womenomics4-time-to-walk-the-talk.pdf. Diunduh tanggal 27 November 2023.
Matsui, Kathy. 2014. “Womenomics 4.0: Time to Walk the Talk.†Womenomics 4.0: Time to Walk the Talk (gspublishing.com). Diunduh tanggal 20 Mei 2023.
Matsui, Kathy. 2019. “20 Years on Womenomics 5.0: Progress, Area for Improvement, Potential 15% GDP Boostâ€. Goldman Sachs. https://www. goldmansachs.com/insights/pages/womenomics-5.0/multimedia/womenomics -5.0-report.pdf. Diunduh tanggal 25 November 2023.
McKenzie, David. 2021. “Small Business Training to Improve Management Practices in Developing Countries: Re-assessing the Evidence for 'Training Doesn't Work.'†World Bank Document. Diunduh tanggal 5 September 2023.
Marghareta Puspita Ayu. 2023. “Implementasi Kebijakan Womenomics Pada Pekerja Perempuan Jepang Tahun 2016-2020â€. Skripsi. Universitas Diponegoro.
Nathania Yunita Dharma. 2022. “Implementasi Womenomics dalam Politik Domestik Jepang: Transformasi Peran Perempuan Pada Era Perdana Menteri Shinzo Abeâ€. Skripsi. Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana.
Atika Triana Putri. 2019. “Womenomics: Strategi Proteksi Ekonomi Jepang di Masa Pemerintahan Shinzo Abeâ€. Skripsi. Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. Wolf, Naomi.1991. The Beauty Myth: How Images of Beauty are used Against Women. New York: Random House.
Akuguru, Constance Awinpoka., Nyuur, Richard B., Dery, Isaac. 2023. “Non-Governmental Organizations’ Approaches to Women's Empowerment Amid The COVID-19 Pandemic: Towards a Framework For Decolonizing Women's Empowerment Praxis.†World Development Sustainability. Vol. 3, No. 3, Hal. 1-12.
Andika, Dewi., Virgianita, Asra. 2018 “Implications of Womenomics on the Relationship between Female and Male Workers in the Professional and Social Environment: A Preliminary Studyâ€. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Strategic and Global Studies. Vol. 1, No. 1, Hal. 1-15.
Aulia, Bintang., Iskandar, Kurniawaty. 2021. “Towards Sustainable Society: Womenomics and Women Employment in Japanâ€. Journal of Environmental Science and Sustainable Development Symposium. Vol. 1, No. 1, Hal. 1-10.
Batliwala, S. 2007. “Taking the Power Out of Empowerment: An Experiential Account.†Development in Practice. Vol. 17, No. 4-5, Hal. 557-565.
Brinton,Mary C., Mun, Eunmi. 2016. “‘Between State and Family: Managers’ Implementation and Evaluation of Parental Leave Policies in Japan.†Socio-Economic Review. Vol. 14, No. 2, Hal. 257-281.
Brollo, Fernanda., Nannicini, Tommaso., Perotti, Roberto., Tabellini, Guido. 2016. “The Political Resource Curse.†American Economic Review. Vol. 106, No. 4, Hal. 1322-1356.
Bushra, A., Wajiha N. 2015. “Assessing the Socio-economic Determinants of Women Empowerment in Pakistan.†Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. Vol 177, Hal. 3-8.
Buvinic, Mayra., Furst-Nichols, Rebecca. 2022. The Unfolding of Women’s Economic Empowerment Outcomes: Time Path of Impacts in an Indonesia Trial.†World Development. Vol. 158, No. 12, Hal. 1-17.Afifah Sausan Mizhari. 2018. “Analisis Internalisasi Norma Kesetaraan Gender Periode 1990-2017 di Jepangâ€. Skripsi. Universitas Islam Indonesia.
AFP Jiji. 2023. “Japan Sets 30% Targetfor Female Executives at Big Firm by 2030â€. The Japan Times. https://www-japantimes-co-jp.translate.goog/news/2023/04/27/business/economy-business/japan-female-executive-target-2030/?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=id&_x_tr_pto=tc. Diunduh tanggal 11 Desember 2023.
Amelda Anthoneta Sapija. 2019. “Peran Perempuan Jepang dalam Bidang Ekonomi Sebelum dan Sesudah Kebijakan Womenomics Dipandang Dari Perspektif Feminisme Marxis dan Sosialisâ€. Skripsi. Universitas Brawijaya.
BBC. 2012. “Japan Population to Shrink by One-Third by 2060â€. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16787538. Diunduh tanggal 5 Desember 2023.
Eldwita Nofrelia, Shobichatul Aminah. 2022. “Womenomics and Gender Equality Policies in Japan: Achievements, Challenges, and Future Directions.†Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional. Vol. 7, No. 1, Hal. 1-15.
Government of Japan. 2015. "A 2015 Declining Birthrate White Paper." https://www8.cao.go.jp/shoushi/shoushika/whitepaper/measures/english/w -2015/pdf/part1_1-1.pdf. Diunduh tanggal 5 Desember 2023.
Growing Economies Through Gender Parity. 2020. “Japan introduces “womenomics†to counter the country's aging workforce and boost GDPâ€. https://www.cfr.org/womens-participation-in-global-economy/case-studies/japan/. Diunduh tanggal 14 Desember 2023.
Hasunuma, Linda. 2015. “Gender Gaiatsu: An Institutional Perspective on Womenomicsâ€. University of Hawai’I Press. No.48, Hal. 79-114.
Karo, Mayang Terpulina Br., Hikmatullah, Ihsan. 2011. “Fenomena Shoushika: Analisis Kebijakan Pemerintah Jepang Pada Era Kepemimpinan Shinzo Abe.†Jurnal Transborders. Vol. 4, No.2, Hal. 96-110.
McKinsey & Company. 2021. “Mobilizing Women to Step Up as Leaders in Japanâ€. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/asia-pacific/mobilizing-women-to-step-up-as-leaders-in-japan. Diunduh tanggal 21 Desember 2023.
Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet. 2017. “Council for the Realization of Work Style Reformâ€. https://japan.kantei.go.jp/97_abe/actions/201703/28article2.html. Diunduh tanggal 11 Desember 2023.
Reuters. 2020. “Japan Aims to Raise Women in Leadership to 30% by 2020.†https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-economy-women/japan-aims-to-raise-women-in-leadership-to-30-by-2020-. Diunduh tanggal 30 Agustus 2023.
Rudiono, Havidz, dan Ageng Prakoso. 2022. “Fathering Japan : Strategi Jepang Dalam Mencapai Kesetaraan Gender Sebagai Respon Terhadap Kritik PBB.†Jurnal Perempuan dan Anak. Vol.5, No.1, Hal. 11-22.
Kotake, Satoshi. 2019. “Recent Legislation in Japan No.2018-1 “Act on Promotion of Gender Equality in the Political Fieldâ€. https://www.waseda.jp/folaw/icl/news-en/2019/01/24/6503/. Diunduh tanggal 10 Desember 2023.
SPF News. 2023. “Partisipasi Perempuan dalam Pengambilan Keputusan Memiliki Dampak Positifâ€. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKBCZX8687w. Diunduh tanggal 21 Desember 2023.
The World Bank. 2022. “Population, Total – Japanâ€. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2022&locations=JP&start=2011. Diunduh tanggal 13 Januari 2024.
United Nations. 2010. “Working Group on Discrimination Against Women and Girlsâ€. https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/wg-women-and-girls. Diunduh tanggal 5 Desember 2023.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2016. Literacy and Language Classes in Community Centers. https://web.archive.org/web/20230609212948/https://uil.unesco.org/literacy/effective-practices-database-litbase. Diunduh tanggal 5 Oktober 2023.
World Economic Forum. 2009. “The global Gender Gap Reportâ€. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2009.pdf. Diunduh tanggal 23 Desember 2023.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The copyright of the received article shall be assigned to the journal as the publisher of the journal. The intended copyright includes the right to publish the article in various forms (including reprints). The journal maintains the publishing rights to the published articles. Therefore, the author must submit a statement of the Copyright Transfer Agreement.*)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Â
In line with the license, authors and any users (readers and other researchers) are allowed to share and adapt the material. In addition, the material must be given appropriate credit, provided with a link to the license, and indicated if changes were made. If authors remix, transform or build upon the material, authors must distribute their contributions under the same license as the original.
________
*) Authors whose articles are accepted for publication will receive confirmation via email and send a Copyright Transfer Agreement.