Main Article Content
Abstract
There are numerous researches regarding Tourism in the ASEAN region which generally merely observe the progress of tourism in this region based on the number of foreign tourist visits and foreign exchange income received by ASEAN countries that develop outbound tourism. Dissimilar to other research, this research seeks to observe the development of tourism from the perspectives of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) and the Travel and Tourism Development Index (TTDI), which are immensely focused on featuring the competition/development of tourism from various aspects. By utilizing TTCI / TTDI, the advantages and disadvantages of several aspects in the development of tourism will be essentially visible. Thus, this research shall examine more deeply on the dynamics of ASEAN tourism, focusing more on countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam and Thailand from several pillars established by the World Economic Forum (WEF) which are issued every two years. This research focuses on the 2017-2022 period as it would be able to answer the ASEAN tourism competition/development index for the five years, as in such five years span the world of international tourism collapsed due to COVID 19 in 2020-2021.
Through this research, it was found that the dynamics of ASEAN tourism development during this period was significantly high, meaning that there were ASEAN countries that experienced declines and increases when viewed from the TTCI/TTDI, and there were countries experiencing stable dynamics. The main key to the success of a country in ASEAN in achieving tourism development lies in the government's ability to manage tourism with its stakeholders and is supported by the domestic political stability of each country.Keywords
Article Details
References
- ASEAN. (n.d.). ASEAN Tourism Forum. Asean.org. Retrieved June 4, 2023, from https://asean.org/our-communities/economic-community/asean-tourism-sector/
- ASEAN. (2020). ASEAN Tourism Marketing Strategy (ATMS) 2021-2025. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ATMS-2021-2025.pdf
- ASEAN Briefing. (2023). Indonesia Launches Southeast Asia’s First High Speed Railway. Aseanbriefing.com. Retrieved October 7, 2023, from https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/indonesia-launches-southeast-asias-first-high-speed-railway
- Asian Development Bank. (2020, September 14). Supporting the Philippines’ Tourism Recovery in the New Normal through Digital Solutions. Www.adb.org. https://www.adb.org/news/videos/supporting-philippines-tourism-recovery-new-normal-through-digital-solutions
- Behsudi, A. (2020). Impact of the pandemic on tourism – IMF F&D. IMF; International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2020/12/impact-of-the-pandemic-on-tourism-behsudi
- Harper, J. (2019). Philippines government leads the way with HR. HRM Asia. https://hrmasia.com/philippines-government-leads-the-way-with-hr/
- KEMENPAREKRAF. (2023). Destinasi Super Prioritas. Kemenparekraf.go.id. https://info5dsp.kemenparekraf.go.id/
- National Library Board. (n.d.). “Uniquely Singapore†tourism campaign is launched - Singapore History. Eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved June 10, 2023, from https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/a016f18a-d260-4078-913d-93b58528b87f
- Noorashid, N., & Chin, W. L. (2021). Coping with COVID-19: The Resilience and Transformation of Community-Based Tourism in Brunei Darussalam. Sustainability, 13(15), 8618. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158618
- Open Development. (2023, February 2). Tourism | Open Development Cambodia (ODC). Open Development. https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/tourism/#:~:text=Another%20issue%20associated%20with%20Cambodia
- PSSAT UGM. (2019). Tourism is Singapore – Pusat Studi Sosial Asia Tenggara Universitas Gadjah Mada. Center for Southeast Asian Studies UGM. https://pssat.ugm.ac.id/war-on-drugs-1-human-security-vs-human-rights-of-extra-judicial-killings-in-war-on-drugs-policy/
- Trading Economics. (n.d.). Brunei Tourist Arrivals - 2023 Data - 2024 Forecast - 2010-2022 Historical - Chart. Tradingeconomics.com. Retrieved July 4, 2023, from https://tradingeconomics.com/brunei/tourist-arrivals#:~:text=Tourist%20Arrivals%20in%20Brunei%20averaged
- UNDP. (2021). Lao PDR Tourism COVID-19 Recovery Roadmap for 2021-2025. United Nations Development Programme.
- World Economic Forum. (2017). The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017. https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-travel-tourism-competitiveness-report-2017/
- World Economic Forum. (2019). The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019: Travel and Tourism at a Tipping Point. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TTCR_2019.pdf?_gl=1
- World Economic Forum. (2022). Travel & Tourism Development Index 2021: Rebuilding for a Sustainable and Resilient Future. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/reports/travel-and-tourism-development-index-2021/in-full/about-the-travel-tourism-development-index/
References
ASEAN. (n.d.). ASEAN Tourism Forum. Asean.org. Retrieved June 4, 2023, from https://asean.org/our-communities/economic-community/asean-tourism-sector/
ASEAN. (2020). ASEAN Tourism Marketing Strategy (ATMS) 2021-2025. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ATMS-2021-2025.pdf
ASEAN Briefing. (2023). Indonesia Launches Southeast Asia’s First High Speed Railway. Aseanbriefing.com. Retrieved October 7, 2023, from https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/indonesia-launches-southeast-asias-first-high-speed-railway
Asian Development Bank. (2020, September 14). Supporting the Philippines’ Tourism Recovery in the New Normal through Digital Solutions. Www.adb.org. https://www.adb.org/news/videos/supporting-philippines-tourism-recovery-new-normal-through-digital-solutions
Behsudi, A. (2020). Impact of the pandemic on tourism – IMF F&D. IMF; International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2020/12/impact-of-the-pandemic-on-tourism-behsudi
Harper, J. (2019). Philippines government leads the way with HR. HRM Asia. https://hrmasia.com/philippines-government-leads-the-way-with-hr/
KEMENPAREKRAF. (2023). Destinasi Super Prioritas. Kemenparekraf.go.id. https://info5dsp.kemenparekraf.go.id/
National Library Board. (n.d.). “Uniquely Singapore†tourism campaign is launched - Singapore History. Eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved June 10, 2023, from https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/a016f18a-d260-4078-913d-93b58528b87f
Noorashid, N., & Chin, W. L. (2021). Coping with COVID-19: The Resilience and Transformation of Community-Based Tourism in Brunei Darussalam. Sustainability, 13(15), 8618. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158618
Open Development. (2023, February 2). Tourism | Open Development Cambodia (ODC). Open Development. https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/topics/tourism/#:~:text=Another%20issue%20associated%20with%20Cambodia
PSSAT UGM. (2019). Tourism is Singapore – Pusat Studi Sosial Asia Tenggara Universitas Gadjah Mada. Center for Southeast Asian Studies UGM. https://pssat.ugm.ac.id/war-on-drugs-1-human-security-vs-human-rights-of-extra-judicial-killings-in-war-on-drugs-policy/
Trading Economics. (n.d.). Brunei Tourist Arrivals - 2023 Data - 2024 Forecast - 2010-2022 Historical - Chart. Tradingeconomics.com. Retrieved July 4, 2023, from https://tradingeconomics.com/brunei/tourist-arrivals#:~:text=Tourist%20Arrivals%20in%20Brunei%20averaged
UNDP. (2021). Lao PDR Tourism COVID-19 Recovery Roadmap for 2021-2025. United Nations Development Programme.
World Economic Forum. (2017). The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017. https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-travel-tourism-competitiveness-report-2017/
World Economic Forum. (2019). The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019: Travel and Tourism at a Tipping Point. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TTCR_2019.pdf?_gl=1
World Economic Forum. (2022). Travel & Tourism Development Index 2021: Rebuilding for a Sustainable and Resilient Future. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/reports/travel-and-tourism-development-index-2021/in-full/about-the-travel-tourism-development-index/