Main Article Content
Abstract
This article describes how the growth process of feminism in China in the perspective of constructivism regarding the life-cycle of norms. In theory, there are three stages of how a norm which in this case is feminism through the life-cycle of norms. This research method uses a qualitative method of literature study. In this article, the findings are that there are three propositions related to the emergence of international norms in feminism in China, the first is Norm emergence which is described by the emergence of one of the famous female figures, namely, He Zhen, who adopted western feminism by not leaving Chinese cultural identity which was considered good for her. Chinese women's social change. In contrast to other reformers, He Zhen specifically separates the case of feminism from nationalism, stating that women's liberation is not for the sake of the nation, but rather a moral necessity. Second, the Norm Cascade is illustrated by the influence of China's state ratification of the Convention Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) held in Copenhagen Denmark, by accepting international norms on gender equality which in turn will require domestic laws to make some changes to suit the issue. Third, Internalization is described by the growth process of Chinese feminism, namely the process of fusion with culture within the body of feminism itself, or in other words, feminism that develops has its own unique characteristics that are not owned by other countries and only China has it.
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References
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- Beijing Platform for Action. (1995). Beijing Platform for Action. Canadian Woman Studies.
- Berry, C., & Sang, T. D. (2004). The Emerging Lesbian: Female Same-Sex Desire in Modern China. Comparative Literature. https://doi.org/10.2307/4125391
- Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
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- Bryson, V. (2019). Feminism. In Contemporary Political Ideologies. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429038839-9
- Chamberlain, H. B., & Meisner, M. (1987). Mao’s China and After: A History of the People’s Republic. Pacific Affairs. https://doi.org/10.2307/2758836
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- United Nations. (1995). Beijing declaration and platform for action. In Fourth World Conference on Women.
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- Weigelin-Schwiedrzik, S. (2012). Deng Xiaoping and the transformation of China. In Pacific Affairs. https://doi.org/10.5509/2012851169
- Wu, A. X., & Dong, Y. (2019). What is made-in-China feminism(s)? Gender discontent and class friction in post-socialist China. Critical Asian Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2019.1656538
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- Yifei, S. (2011). China in the “Post-Patriarchal Era.†Chinese Sociology & Anthropology. https://doi.org/10.2753/csa0009-4625430401
- Zheng, J. (2016). New feminism in China: Young middle-class chinese women in Shanghai. In New Feminism in China: Young Middle-Class Chinese Women in Shanghai. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0777-4
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- Zheng, W. (2016). " State Feminism "? Gender and Socialist State Formation in Maoist China Author ( s ): Wang Zheng Published by : Feminist Studies , Inc . Stable URL : http://www.jstor.org/stable/20459044 REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this articl. 31(3), 519–551.
- https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-51763849, diakses tanggal 06 Nopember 2020“Document 9: A ChinaFile Translationâ€. www.chinafile.com/document-9-chinafile-translation. Diakses pada tanggal 06 Nopember 2020, pukul 15.00 wib
References
Baker, H.D.R. 1979. Chinese Family and Kinship. New York: Columbia University
Press.
Beijing Platform for Action. (1995). Beijing Platform for Action. Canadian Woman Studies.
Berry, C., & Sang, T. D. (2004). The Emerging Lesbian: Female Same-Sex Desire in Modern China. Comparative Literature. https://doi.org/10.2307/4125391
Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
Brown, K. (2012). The communist party of China and ideology. In China: An International Journal. https://doi.org/10.1353/chn.2012.0013
Bryson, V. (2019). Feminism. In Contemporary Political Ideologies. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429038839-9
Chamberlain, H. B., & Meisner, M. (1987). Mao’s China and After: A History of the People’s Republic. Pacific Affairs. https://doi.org/10.2307/2758836
Chang, M. H. (1996). The Thought of Deng Xiaoping. Communist and Post-Communist Studies. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-067X(96)80022-5
China MOE. (2010). Outline of China’s National Plan for Medium and Long-term Education Reform and Development. Development.
Cho, S. Y. (2014). International Women’s Convention, Democracy, and Gender Equality. Social Science Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12069
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Method Aproaches. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849208956
Croll, E. (2013). Feminism and socialism in China. In Feminism and Socialism in China. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203123140
Englehart, N. A., & Miller, M. K. (2014). The CEDAW Effect: International Law’s Impact on Women’s Rights. Journal of Human Rights. https://doi.org/10.1080/14754835.2013.824274
Fennell, V. L. (2009). Mao Zedong (1893-1976). In The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0965
Gao, B. (2015). the birth of Chinese feminism: essential texts in transnational theory. Feminist Review. https://doi.org/10.1057/fr.2015.8
Gardam, J. (1998). Women, human rights and international humanitarian law. International Review of the Red Cross. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400091221
Haiping, Y. (2006). Chinese women writers and the feminist imagination, 1905-1948. In Chinese Women Writers and the Feminist Imagination, 1905-1948. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203086391
Howell, J. (2002). Women’s Political Participation in China: Struggling to Hold Up Half the Sky. In Parliamentary Affairs. https://doi.org/10.1093/parlij/55.1.43
Hu, G., Baker, S. P., & Baker, T. D. (2010). Urban-rural disparities in injury mortality in China, 2006. Journal of Rural Health. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0361.2009.00255.x
Jones, N., & Presler-Marshall, E. (2012). Governance and poverty eradication: Applying a gender and social institutions perspective. Public Administration and Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.1618
Knechtges, D. R., Hsü, I. C. Y., & Hsu, I. C. Y. (1977). The Rise of Modern China. Journal of the American Oriental Society. https://doi.org/10.2307/600863
Lasiyo, L. (2018). PENGARUH BUDDHISME TERHADAP NEO-KONFUSIANISME DI CINA. Jurnal Filsafat. https://doi.org/10.22146/jf.32215
Marlow, E. (2018). The Opium Wars. In Jazz in China. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv5jxp24.6
Morishima, M. (1982). Why has Japan ‘succeeded’? In Why has Japan ‘succeeded’? https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511582455
Moser, C., & Moser, A. (2005). Gender mainstreaming since Beijing: A review of success and limitations in international institutions. In Gender and Development. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552070512331332283
Naughton, B. (1993). Deng xiaoping: The economist. The China Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741000013886
O’Brien, J., & Gemelli, M. C. (2012). United Nations Decade for Women. In Encyclopedia of Gender and Society. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412964517.n433
OECD. (2016). Education in China - A Snapshot. Oecd.
Pieke, F. N. (2012). The Communist Party and social management in China. China Information. https://doi.org/10.1177/0920203X12442864
Platform, B., & Island, P. (2009). Beijing + 15 : Review Literature And Arts Of The Americas.
Roces, M. (2010). Women’s Movements in Asia. In Women’s Movements in Asia. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203851234
Selden, M., & Perry, E. J. (2010). Chinese society: Change, conflict and resistance. In Chinese society: Change, conflict and resistance. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203856314
Shalev, C. (2001). China to CEDAW: An update on population policy. Human Rights Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2001.0011
Shambaugh, D. (1993). Deng xiaoping: The politician. The China Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741000013874
Silverman, D. (2004). Qualitative Research: Theory, Method and Practice. In Qualitative Research.
SS., S. S. (2015). Regional-global Governance Network on Women’s Rights: CEDAW and its Implementation in ASEAN Countries. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.397
The United Nations. (1995). Beijing declaration and platform for action. In Fourth World Conference on Women.
Tryggestad, T. L. (2014). State feminism going global: Norway on the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission. Cooperation and Conflict. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836714530576
United Nations. (1995). Beijing declaration and platform for action. In Fourth World Conference on Women.
Wang, B., & Driscoll, C. (2019). Chinese feminists on social media: articulating different voices, building strategic alliances. Continuum. https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2018.1532492
Weigelin-Schwiedrzik, S. (2012). Deng Xiaoping and the transformation of China. In Pacific Affairs. https://doi.org/10.5509/2012851169
Wu, A. X., & Dong, Y. (2019). What is made-in-China feminism(s)? Gender discontent and class friction in post-socialist China. Critical Asian Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2019.1656538
Xiaoqi, D. (1991). Feminism in China. Asian Studies Review. https://doi.org/10.1080/03147539108712752
Yifei, S. (2011). China in the “Post-Patriarchal Era.†Chinese Sociology & Anthropology. https://doi.org/10.2753/csa0009-4625430401
Zheng, J. (2016). New feminism in China: Young middle-class chinese women in Shanghai. In New Feminism in China: Young Middle-Class Chinese Women in Shanghai. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0777-4
Zheng, W. (1997). Maoism, Feminism, and the UN Conference on Women: Women’s Studies Research in Contemporary China. Journal of Women’s History. https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2010.0239
Zheng, W. (2016). " State Feminism "? Gender and Socialist State Formation in Maoist China Author ( s ): Wang Zheng Published by : Feminist Studies , Inc . Stable URL : http://www.jstor.org/stable/20459044 REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this articl. 31(3), 519–551.
https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-51763849, diakses tanggal 06 Nopember 2020“Document 9: A ChinaFile Translationâ€. www.chinafile.com/document-9-chinafile-translation. Diakses pada tanggal 06 Nopember 2020, pukul 15.00 wib